Criminal Justice Compare and Contrast rationalism and determinism Essay

Criminal Justice Compare and Contrast rationalism and determinism. With reference to your readings, define these two approaches and study of criminal behavior - Essay Example Most of these theories are rooted on the natural instinct that leads to commitment of crime or forces that compel individual to develop crime traits. There have been studies that have been carried out suggesting that genetic factors and other biological harming aspects like head injury and exposure to toxic substances, and others may increase the chances of someone becoming a criminal by developing some criminal traits like impulsitivity and sensations seeking. This effect of biological harms on individual traits has been explained to be the effect on the central nervous system including sympathetic and parasympathetic system. Many of the researches that have been carried out in this area focuses on chemical messenger which is the neurotransmitters which relays signals between neurons and the brain, and the hormones regulating body urges like sex drives and response to stressors like testosterones. Other factors like skin conductiveness, level of brain activities, and others which af fects functioning of nervous system may lead to a dysfunction of the nervous system leading to development of crime traits. The general expression of these studies is that there are some natural factors that determine individual vulnerability to committing a crime. This means that some factors in the body and others in the environment that affects the biological status of the body can be responsible for criminal activities since they induce the development of criminal behaviors. Hence, there may be likelihood that criminals may be having a particular crime inducement gene that is not found in other people. Let us look at the postulation of the gene-based evolutionary theory. Gene-based evolutionary theory is supported by studies which suggested that crime is inherited in some genes. Although there has been no prove on crime genes as such, there is a likelihood that some individual traits like 'pushiness' or 'deception' may have some effect on development of crime traits. Studies have suggested that individuals with such traits can reproduce and pass on the traits to the next generation which may develop the same crime traits. However there has been much acrimony about the postulation of these genetic based crime theories with some arguing that they have not been able to explain some aspects of crime. It has also been argued that these theories give a postulation that we cannot control crime by the fact that we cannot change criminal behavior in the population since it is genetic. The theory wipes away the effects of the social environment on crime and supports the postulation that races and ethnic groups' view of crime may have biological backing. The two theories above can be explained by their postulation that there is crime traits in the individual is a functions of the biology of the body. This means that criminal traits in the individual can be inherited in the genes or it can result from change in the biological make up of the body as a result of exposure to harmful activities. They can be explained in a simple fact as their postulation that crime traits are determined by some factors beyond individual control. Determinism is supported by the earlier theories of crime which tried to explain the individual do not choose to engage in crimes

United States Economy since November 2004 to November 2007 Essay Example for Free

United States Economy since November 2004 to November 2007 Essay The distinction of the United States as the only remaining super power in the world may not only apply in their military force but in their economic might as well. But historically, according Bernard Baumohl, it was only during the early 1970s that the U. S economy was open to international market following the collapse of the Bretton Woods Agreement, which was intended to establish a stable foreign exchange system. As a result, Baumohl said â€Å"currency values in the world financial market began to float freely, sometimes moving wildly up and down† (p. 240). The immediate impact of this is that the world trade grew faster than ever. Baumohl point out that this development resulted to the influx of cheaper foreign goods which were often of better quality and â€Å"increasingly found their way into the U. S market and started to pose serious competition for US producers† (p. 240). As this was the case, American companies responded by operating more efficiently, and lower their prices while also seeking new market overseas. Baumohl noted that since then, trade has evolved to become one of the most important forces shaping the US economy† (p. 240), the United States economy soared so high that in the short span of time they became one of the most if not the wealthiest economy in the world. Price stability in the United States As the US economy soar high in the international arena and the purchasing power of the US dollar remains strong against the euro, the US has maintained a stable price. The OECD economic outlook noted that inflation in the US has remained with in a desirable range through the help of the long-term household survey measures. Inflation, the OECD noted â€Å"have remained well anchored, even if indexed-bond have drifted somewhat† (p. 24). The article point out that this stability has helped â€Å"limit the second-round effects from the oil price and exchange rate shocks, but it is all the more important that further policy action validate the still serene expectation† (p. 24) In the OECD Economic Surveys United States 2004 article, it noted that in price stability, firmly anchored long term inflation expectations are especially important , not only to maintain public confidence in the durability of low inflation achieved over the past two decades, but also to limit the risk of a potentially self- reinforcing deflationary spiral in the face of hypothetical negative shock (p. 46). Unemployment . Nazimudeen Saleem stated that unemployment in the US soared to a record high in 2004 at 5. 6% reaching over the threshold of 5%. An internet article from entitled Unemployment noted that in April 2007 unemployed adult men stands at 4. 0 percent while adult women, at 3. 8 percent, Caucasians, 3. 9; Hispanic (all races, at 5. 4 percent; African American, 8. 2 percent, and teenagers with the highest number of unemployed at 15. 3 percent. Amadeo noted that the weakest year-by-year employment was 1. 2% in 2004 indicating a trend of decline since 2006. She point out that unemployment is not worsening at all, but it indicate declining trend as unemployment was up at 4. 7% from 4. 4% in October and only slightly up by one percent in May 2007 at 4. 5 percent. Indeed there is a trend of slight decline in the unemployment rate from 2004 to 2007. Healthy Economic Growth In the report to congress on International Economic and Exchange rate policies in December 2006, it cited that the United States has made substantial progress in reducing the federal fiscal deficit from 3. 6 percent of gross Domestic Product in 2004 to 1. 9 percent in fiscal year 2006 Gross Domestic Product, posting an improvement of 1. 7 percent. The report also cited that the United States economy has experienced continuous healthy economic growth in 2005 up to the third quarter of 2006, but during the last quarter economic growth slowed down up to the most recent quarter. From the first quarter of 2004, Gross domestic product or GDP stands at 3. 9% and slightly up by one percent during the second quarter of the same year at four percent. But it slowed down during the third and fourth quarter registering only 3. 1% and 2. 6 percent respectively. However during the first quarter of 2005 GDP was up again jumping to 3. 4% but down by 1% at 3. 3% on the next quarter. The third quarter of 2005 posted a highest growth rate since the first quarter of 2004, at 4. 2 but drastically fell to 1. 8 percent during the last quarter. According to the report of the U. S. Economic Recovery and resurgence as of march 2007, economic analysis of the GDP for the last quarter of 2006 indicates that growth rate has accelerated from 2. 0 percent on an annual basis to 2. 5 percent. The report further cited that although there were difficulties in GDP during the first, second, and third quarter of 2006 but the economy still registered a growth rate of 3. 4 percent, which is still in line with the real growth rates in past few years. According to an article entitled United States Economy 2007, GDP growth rate was under girded by the significant gains in labor productivity that despite of the damage caused by hurricane Katrina it had caused only a minor impact on overall GDP, which stand in 2005. Even the soaring oil price in 2005 to 2006 had only limited impact though it threatened inflation and unemployment. The Purchasing Power Parity GDP in2006 stands at $12. 98 trillion while official exchange rate GDP is $13. 22 trillion, Per Capita GDP $43,500. The graph at the bottom page of this paper shows the economic performance of the United States economy pertaining to the discussion above (see Figure 1). Healthy Balance of Payment (Export/ Import) Francisco Carrada-Bravo pointed out that the best way to learn about the country’s balance of payments statistics is to â€Å"take a careful look at them for a particular period† (p. 110). Bravo noted that the balance of payments of the United States, and other balance of payments from any country in the world, encompasses several main accounts†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 110). Bravo explained that the value of current account is determined, at large extent by the result of trade, service, and transfer of sub accounts. Bravo further explained that â€Å"the United States shows a current account surplus, when the sale of US goods and services to the rest of the world exceeds the US acquisition of these items from other countries. How ever, the United States has a deficit in the capital account when US corporations invest abroad in excess of what foreign multinationals invest in the United States. Translating the above explanation to the US balanced payment, Export promotion, which is managed by the Ministry of Finance, provides subsidies in forms of interest rate support, direct financial support, and export rewards and bonuses. In a report made by OECD staff, the total number of firms of exporting goods was 238,284. Out of the total number of firms, 97% percent of that is SME or small-medium enterprise (p. 365). The success of this export sector is through the assistance of government since it has assistance programs and overseas trade offices to help them their small business with â€Å"market research and local assistance (p. 365). Another factor for steady rising of the economy is a policy issued on November 19, 2004, which â€Å"blocked state and local governments from taxing connections that link consumers to the internet for the next three years (OECD, p. 367). This is because the Federal government believed that e-commerce is â€Å"a growth engine for exports and international expansion. Figure 2 of this paper (see bottom page) explains the balance of payment, which includes details on American economy that includes the year 2004, 2005, and 2006. Main Macro economic Policies by the United States John Atlee in his executive summary of the Macro Economic Agenda Recovery Now and Democratic Comeback 2004 outlined macro economic policies that the US government used during the last three years. First is the Analytical Policy Focus, which features an Adopt a growth trend standard of reference for economic policy and analysis. This policy also denies economic recession instead suggest that the country is just experiencing a mild recession. Significant recovery is yet to begin and maintaining structurally balanced growth with unemployment below 4% should be the aim of this policy with reference fro the Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act of 1978. Another macro economic policy, which the United States government employed during the last three years, is the Budget and Management. John Atlee noted that Bush economic policy is quite weak in its budget, and that this budget vulnerability must be understandable to the voters as well as to the investors who are demanding transparency in government. This policy also instructs that deficit projections and budget should not be based on ever changing and unreliable economic forecast. Furthermore it also to keep deficit close to zero, and eliminate economic forecasts, which is unreliable and ever changing. The government also used Social Security policy making it financially sound to effectively discredit the privatization campaign as this privatization mover promulgates falsehoods perhaps, against the capacity of the government. Taking Social Security (SS) can help finance non-SS deficits. Monetary Policy is one of the key macro economic policies of the government as this is where everything can be fluid. This policy is to recognize the creation of checkable-deposit money by bank, which finances GDP growth through eighteen to one monetary multiplier effect. The policy also aims to eradicate the pretense of interest rate control by increasing reserve requirements and direct control to the Fed. The government also used the Systematic Coordination of Monetary and Fiscal Policy over the last three years. Atlee reports that Fiscal policy is separate from budget management as it is mainly concerned with the over all effect on the economy of the budget. In Atlee’s executive summary of these macro economic policies, he pointed out that the main engine of recovery is the reformed monetary policy, which is facilitated by flexible fiscal policy. Tax Policy is another very important measure that the Bush government had utilized to encourage new businesses in the form of entrepreneurial incentives to new high tech industries and small businesses. This incentive is an exemption from the undistributed profit tax and some measures to avoid unsustainable and excessive stock price increases. These policies aim to sustain the momentum of economic growth experienced by the country since 2004 to 2007. Demand Policy and Supply Side Policy Demand policy is a government policy based on the extremity of the need of a certain sector of the government or society such as the labor sector or the energy sector. Demand policies in the labor sector is increasing the number of quality jobs Mark Rank noted that this policy approach â€Å"has assumed that the labor market by itself will generate enough jobs to meet the needs of those seeking work—that, as the supply of labor increases, the labor market will in turn respond by generating more jobs to meet the demand† (p 204). Thus, Rank suggested various labor demand policies are needed in order to generate a more â€Å"robust rate of job growth† (p. 204) Egbert Tellegen and Maarten Wolsink pointed out that supply-side policy and demand side management â€Å"require widely different abilities from the organization† (p. 184) They contend that the main challenge of supply-side management is â€Å"to develop and manage facilities of the highest technical quality at the lowest possible costs in order to fulfill customers’ needs under all circumstances† (p. 184). Conclusion/Summary American economy since November 2004 to November 2007 despite of ups and downs in the economic performance, yet it remained a steadily growing economy. The 2004 saw its drastic economic decline but it was able to rebound during the first quarter of 2005 to the third quarter of 2006; registering at steady GDP growth rate of three to four percent. Unemployment was also declining as more jobs opportunity is created each year. In general, the United States economy are performing strong up to the recent quarter of 2007 despite of their current internal debt of about 1. 3 trillion and about ten billion dollars in external debt. They remained economically powerful despite the current depreciation of the dollar against Euro and other foreign currencies. Moreover, US economy has purchasing power of about 12. 98 trillion while official exchange rate GDP is $13. 22 trillion, Per Capita GDP $43,500, which continuously grows in the preceding year.

Adventure Education and Wilderness Sports Essay -- Physical Education

Are you ever satisfied when you do something and do not receive the results you want? I know you are not and nobody is. Everyone wants improvement in the world and people are happy and satisfied when everything is right. This concept can be applied to the world of physical education in today’s society. Obesity has slowly become one of the most problematic diseases that exist in the United States and the world today. The U.S. has been greatly impacted by this disease and more and more people in today’s society are overweight, unhealthy, and out of shape. Everyone knows that this issue needs to be fixed but in order to fix a problem you need to discover where the problem comes from. Many people blame food companies, which sell unhealthy food to people; others blame the media for promoting things such as junk food or video games. Other people blame the physical education systems in schools. Many people believe that physical education is not doing enough to help childr en and younger generations develop healthier habits. There is no doubt that society needs to change from being unhealthy and overweight to physically active and healthy, but many changes need to be done in society to do so, and making adjustments to physical education must be done. Physical education exists in schools to help students perform physical activity in schools and promote healthy lifestyles. It is extremely important that physical education teachers promote physical activity and healthy diets to young students because they are the ones who will be at risk of developing health issues such as obesity. Physical educators need to teach the younger generation the proper way to stay healthy so that they will continue to be physically active outside of phys... ...ntinue to do these activities to stay physically active. The younger generation needs to be taught these activities rather than team sports, because when they grow older volleyball, soccer, and basketball are harder to fit into your life than hiking or cycling for example. There is no doubt that physical education programs across the nation need to be adjusted or changed, and implementing Wilderness Sports and Adventure Education is an effective decision. Works Cited Kelly, L. E., L. Kelly, and V. Melograno. Developing the physical education curriculum: An achievement-based approach. Human Kinetics Publishers, 2004. Print. . Project adventure. advancing active learning. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Apr 2012. . Siedentop, D. Introduction to physical education, fitness, and sport. 7. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages, 2009. Print.

To put on their clothes made one a sahib too: Mimicry and the Carnivale

To put on their clothes made one a sahib too: Mimicry and the Carnivalesque in Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable The character of Bakha, in Anand’s Untouchable, is drawn from the lowest caste in Indian society, that of sweeper, or cleaner of human ordure. Despite his unpromising station in life, the central figure in the novel operates at a variety of levels in order to critique the status quo of caste in India. Well aware of his position at the nadir of Indian society, Bakha is able-via his untouchability-to interrogate issues well above his station in life, such as caste and its inequities, economics and the role of the colonizer. Due to the very characteristics of the character's position, Anand is able to examine issues such as society’s revulsion at untouchablility; some local, innate societal sympathy for Bakha's plight, and the fact that in the 1930s Gandhi used his Harijans-untouchables-as a symbol for change in Indian society. This essay examines the modes by which Anand deploys mimicry and the carnivalesque to critique Indian society in the 1930s. The author has constructed a mimic-man, fundamentally carnivalesque in the Bakhtinian sense, who is simultaneously parodic and subversive. Indeed, the linguistic similarity Bakha/Bakhtin is in itself superficial yet tempting. For Bakhtin, "Carnivalesque literature uses elements of parody, mimicry, bodily humour and grotesque display to achieve the ends of carnival, that is, to jostle ‘from below’ the univocal, elevated language of high art and decorous society". During the course of his day, Bakha causes widespread unease, not merely at his physical presence. Although he is aware of the "six thousand years of racial and class superiority"(16) that bears down on him, as he... ...remarkable breadth of issues, and it is only to be hoped that one day this text will be regarded as a useful tool in a past campaign, rather than as part of a continuing and unfinished project. Useful links: Dalit Liberation Education Trust: http://www.pcsadvt.com/dlet The Imperial Archive. http://www.qub.ac.uk/english/imperial/imperial.htm India Survey, Biography: http://www.indiasurvey.com/biodata/mulkrajanand.htm Literature in English of the Indian Subcontinent in the Postcolonial Web: http://landow.stg.brown.edu/post/india/anand/anandov.html Bibliography Anand, Mulk Raj Untouchable London: Penguin Books, 1940 Ashcroft, Bill, Griffiths, Gareth, and Tiffin, Helen. Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies. London: Routledge, 1998. Ashcroft, Bill, Griffiths, Gareth, and Tiffin, Helen. The Post-Colonial Studies Reader. London: Routledge, 1995.

Development Of Emotional Or Psycholgical Problems In Children

Psychologists, for a long time, have always faced the problem of how various emotional and psychological factors surface and developing human beings. In order to solve this problem, these psychologists have traced the various ailments and causes backwards towards childhood times. As a result, modern psychology, biology, and therapists have looked towards childhood markers which eventually dictate psychological and emotional well-being of children.However, the problem remains that tracking emotional and psychological problems that eventually surface in adults could and even in early childhood could not essentially be associated only to a single factor, but rather many other variables. In fact, recent research has continuously found many root causes and markers for predicting emotional and psychological problems in adults and especially in children. One such cause and root for emotional and psychological problems could be related to biology and genetics.As researchers have discovered, various genetic markers may be able to associate themselves with the root causes of abnormal emotional and psychological behavior. In fact, the role that genetics plays in emotion study and psychology has goes so far as to develop a whole new discipline of biological psychology which focuses on genetic factors that eventually result in the disabling or magnification of neural factors.Specifically in children, these genetic factors may affect psychology through language, pathology, learning and memory, cognition, and even over all consciousness. For example, although a society found in children has been traditionally associated environmental experiences and causes, psychologists have for a long time wondered why some kinds of anxiety disorders found in children come up so early as that social factors and cultural norms could not have played an essential role in its development.Towards this research, psychologists have discovered that there are genetic markers that could be passed fro m parent to offspring that directly result in nonnormal anxiety behavior. Also directly to the study of genetics is the association of other biological factors which contribution to emotional and psychological states of children. Genetics, by definition, has to do with the genes of an individual. However, imbalances in organs and biological factors and functions within the human body have also caused such psychological problems to surface in children.For example, occurrences of cerebral palsy in children — an abnormal biological condition that significantly affects emotional and psychological well-being of adults and children alike — could be associated to biological functions and biological causes. However, this research and field of connecting biological relationship to a motion and psychology of children is still in the research stage of scientific development is more and more psychologists are connecting their disciplines in euro signs.Mostly, at least, these biolo gists and psychologists have associated emotional and psychological issues of children to euro and brain activity which only reflects that our emotions and psychological state — even as children — could not only be associated to the environment. However, among all these disciplines, instructions, and research, a large part of the development of emotional and psychological problems in children could be associated to the environment.In fact, statistically, bringing together the research of emotional and psychological problems in children, environmental factors pose the most significant statistical and relevant cause for such behavior. Listing them all down and discussing them would fill volumes and volumes of work and relevant research has been made that connects recent environmental and social concerns that have not even been traditionally associated with emotional or psychological effects to children.For example, just one area of child psychology focuses on the family environment and how it significantly affects and causes many of the problems that surfaced early in childhood that contribution greatly to emotional or psychological health. Also, another childhood years, your pressure and social consciousness — specifically in the academic setting and age groups — has been a constant focus of child psychology research because of the significant effects that are contributed by such social pressure and social environment to the way children think and react especially to given situations.The development of emotional and psychological problems in children, therefore, could either be individual factors in genetics, biology, or environmental factors, work could also be in fact a mix of these three interrelated causal variables. Recent psychological research, again focusing on child psychology, or integrating these three disciplines through the use of open sharing of academic information, to understand the development of emotional or psychol ogical problems in children and they said the research is well underway in the identification of still new variables and factors to problems with regard to child mental health.

Women of Greece essays

Women of Greece essays If you were a woman how would you rather be treated? If you are the relaxed, dependent type, perhaps you would find the life of the typical Athenian woman agreeable. Athenian women spent most of their lives indoors doing mostly domestic activities. But if you are an independent type of lady, who enjoys exercise, not overly modest, and do not mind sharing your bed with more than one man, then you would probably enjoy the life of a Spartan woman. The basic similarity between the lives of the women in these two city-states was that they had the same overall role: bearing strong children. The soldier-centered state was the most liberal state in regards to the status of women. Women did not go into military training but they were educated in a similar fashion. Their daily life was spent outside doing physical training. The women were required to do physical training just as vigorous as the males of Sparta; contests of running and strength existed for each sex. The motive for these physical activities for the women was so that they would be able to be strong mothers. The state determined if children, male and female, were strong or weak. Weakling children were left in the hills to die of exposure. In Alkmans Partheneia, the women of Sparta were permitted to exercise nude, which supposedly added to their beauty. The contests were where young men could see were intended to incite men to marry. The upbringing of an Athenian woman was quite different. Her status in Greek society was just a small step above slaves. At birth an Athenian girl was not expected to learn how to read, write, or even earn an education. Menander commented on the teaching of reading and writing to women, What a terrible thing to do! Like feeding a vile snake on more poison. They had no legal or political rights. They spent most of their day inside in the womens quarters. Training in household skills was considered the only edu...

Tone and Style in The Great Gatsby

Tone and Style in The Great Gatsby Free Online Research Papers The final passage in ‘The Great Gatsby’ can lead the reader to see the novel in a whole new light. Whereas the overall aspect of the book represents one mans attempt to fulfil his dream, the final passage seems a lot more pessimistic and down to earth. The passage shows a negative view about what Nick thinks about Gatsby’s, and therefore the American dream. We learn that Gatsby’s ‘immaculate lawn’ is now overgrown and had ‘grown as long as [Nick’s].’ This obviously shows the breakdown of everything that Gatsby had strived for and now it bares a striking similarity to Nick. There is irony in this as in the beginning of the book Nick mentions that Gatsby ‘represented everything for which I have an unaffected scorn’ and therefore had no wish to take part in the American dream is now in exactly the same position as Gatsby who had spent his whole life dedicated to become someone. This is shown rather oddly in the presence of the minor things such as Nick’s lawn. This decay in Gatsby’s dream can be seen in the decay of his house. It becomes a derelict building with ‘an obscene word’ graffitied onto the steps. In away this corrosion of Gatsby’s w orld could be compared to the decline of the American dream in the late 1920’s and given the time the book is set this becomes even more apparent as the Wall Street Crash is immanent. Fitzgerald uses the sentence ‘tomorrow we will run faster stretch out our arms further†¦and one fine morning. To show how the crash came about and how suddenly it occurred. The tone of the book also has a feeling of death around it. Whereas Gatsby’s house was once buzzing with ‘dazzling parties’ it is now empty and now Nick now only has his memories of the ‘music and the laughter, faint and incessant’ to remind him of how it once was. Fitzgerald also uses many images to also give the impression that the book and ‘everything Gatsby stood for’ is now coming to a close. Most of the actions that Nick does in this passage take place at night. This gives the impression of a climax to everything around Nick and evening is also signified with death and moving on. The image of ‘the Sound’ with the boat travelling down it, could also give a reference to death as it gives me the picture of travelling down the river Styx to the underworld. The style in this passage gives me the impression of sorrow and loneliness when it was written. As Nick prepares to leave West Egg I get the impression that he fells very much alone now that Gatsby is dead. Words like ‘brooding’ and ‘unknown’ give an air of uncertainty about Nick in this passage and I feel he had become so accustomed to Gatsby that now he is gone Nick no longer knows what to do any more. The tone could also be seen in another way as regretful of what may have happened as Nick lays on the beach outside Gatsby’s house and begins ‘to melt away until gradually [he] became aware’ of how the island was before it was corrupted by man. Again this could refer to the depression that was occurring at the time of publication. Fitzgerald could be asking readers to look back upon their actions that led up to and caused the Wall Street Crash. It was money making schemes like Gatsby’s fake bonds and bootlegging that led to the crash and I think that Nick looking ‘back into the past’ could be Fitzgerald telling people to look back on their mistakes and learn from them, just as Nick has in the final passage. Nick sees what he has learnt from Gatsby as an ‘extraordinary gift for hope’ and even if in Gatsby’s case he cannot learn from his mistakes, other people can learn from his and I think Fitzgerald allows Nick to realise th is so the book can pass that message on to others. Research Papers on Tone and Style in ‘The Great Gatsby’Mind TravelThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Effects of Television Violence on ChildrenWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is ArtThe Spring and AutumnAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

Marines Bootcamp Essay Example

Marines Bootcamp Essay Example Marines Bootcamp Essay Marines Bootcamp Essay The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for providing power projection from the sea, using the mobility of the United States Navy to rapidly deliver combined arm task forces; It is one of seven uniformed services of the United States. The Marine Corps is component the United States Department of the Navy (marines. om) often working closely with naval forces for training, transportation and logistics; however, the Marine Corps is separate branch, they are known as several things like Bulldogs, Devil Dog and Jarheads, they are a very proud branch they have loyalty, respect, manners and moral and physical courage but, what stands out is there strength many say marines are the toughest? They train the hardest Boot camp mentally and physically. Many people know marines as the toughest branch, with the toughest Boot camp or are just all talk? Before being a marine there are some steps to take in order to become a Marine you must be physically fit, you must pass a PFT (Physical Fitness Test) every six months. A perfect score (300) is achieved by doing twenty dead-pull-ups in thirty seconds, 100 crunches in 120 seconds and a three-mile run in 18 minutes. You don’t need to be perfect to enlist, but make sure you can do at least five-pull-ups, 60 crunches and run 1. 5 miles in 11 minutes this is for males only females need to make this requirement 3 pull ups to 100 crunches in two minutes and 21 minutes in three-mile runs. Boot camp is more challenging both mentally and physically than the basic training programs Not only are the physical requirements much higher, but recruits are required to learn and memorize a startling amount of information. There are more than 70 training days in a period a little longer than 12 weeks (but dont let that fool you. There is lots of training going on on the non-training days, such as the time in Reception, the time spent in forming, and on Sundays and Holidays. It has been said time and time again by former Marines that Marine Corps recruit training was the most difficult thing they ever had to do in their entire lives In Marine boot camp, youll start drill almost immediately. A few hours studying basic drill and ceremony will help immensely. As with the other services, you should memorize U. S. Marine Corps Rank. Additionally, your recruiter should have told you to memorize the 11 General Orders for a Sentry. While not mandatory, the Marine Rifle Creed is nice to know. You should also memorize the Marines Hymn, all of it, if possible, but at least the first verse. Wait thats not all (I told you it was tough). Youll need to memorize the USMC Core Values, study Marine Corps history, and commit the characteristics of the M16A4 Rifle to memory. Round all of this out by memorizing the Code of Conduct. f you dont know how to swim, try to learn before you leave for boot camp. Before you graduate, youll have to demonstrate basic swimming skills. The other services have lists of what you should or should not bring with you. The Marines make it simple: Dont bring anything except your important papers (such as drivers license, social security card, and banking information), except the clothes on your back. Everything you need will be issued to you. For non-issue items, it will be issued, and the cost taken out of your pay. Marine Boot camp has different stages 12 stages the First day you get to bootcamp you will see a Drill Instructor who will greet you with this form of greeting â€Å"Tens of thousands of Marines have begun outstanding service to our country on the very footprints in which you stand today. You will carry on that proud tradition and then you will enter and see a hatch, you make a left, you’ve got to reach in one of these boxes and grab a bag open the bag wide and grab your gear issued to you dump it on your bed† the first night is hectic because your grabbing everything you need and throwing everything away you don’t need, the first week is drilling and teaching you the basics and how everything will be from now on until you graduate from boot camp. The second week youll continue learning the basics of close combat skills, including the infamous pugil sticks. Many recruits are somewhat apprehensive about this phase of training, but then find out how much fun it really is. Its almost impossible to get hurt. The recruits are protected by a football helmet and mask, rubber neck roll and crotch cup, and only two kinds of blows are permitted: the slash and the horizontal butt stroke, both to the well-protected head and neck. A clean shot ends the bout. Th e secret is aggression this is not a defensive sport. ] word here about competition. Marine platoons compete against each other in almost every aspect of training, from drills to inspections to pugil sticks to P. T. to academics. For each and every event, trophies are won and displayed prominently in the barracks on the awards table. This is no small matter the competition is stiff and the D. I. s (and recruits! ) take victories and defeats very seriously. Youll learn field first aid, attend classes on core values (as well as other academic classes), and receive several hours on basic weapon handling. eek 3, in addition to more re pugil sticks and close combat training, additional classes on first aid and core values, youll participate in a 3 mile march (with packs). The Confidence Course consists of eleven obstacles, designed so that each obstacle is more physically challenging then the last. The obstacles are: Dirty name Run, Jump Swing The Inclining Wall The Confidence Climb Monkey Bridge The Tough One Reverse Climb Slide for Life the Hand Walk (The Arm Stretche r, and The Sky Scraper. While these names sound daunting, the course is designed so the average platoon can run it in 45 minutes. Like pugil sticks, the Confidence Course is a great morale builder, as most of the recruits find out they can negotiate the obstacles with ease (after a little practice and encouragement from ever-vigilant D. I. s). During the fourth week, there will be even more training with pugil sticks and additional training in close combat skills (I told you there was increased emphasis on this). In addition to the daily P. T. , there will be further academic classes (including more core values training). The highlight of week 4 is the individual drill evaluation. Your platoon will be evaluated, graded, and compared to the other platoons. The winning platoon, of course, receives a trophy for the trophy table. The losing platoons receive the wrath of their respective D. I. s. week 5 is Combat Water Survival. All Marines must pass basic water survival skills in order to graduate from boot camp (those who dont pass will receive extensive remedial training until they do). Training in Combat Water Survival develops a recruits confidence in the water. All recruits must pass the minimum requirement level of Combat Water Survival-4, which requires recruits to perform a variety of water survival and swimming techniques. If a recruit meets the CWS-4 requirements, he may upgrade to a higher level. All recruits train in the camouflage utility uniform, but those upgrading may be required to train in full combat gear, which includes a rifle, helmet, flak jacket and pack. Also this week will be a 5 mile hike a test on Marine Customs Courtesies, more training in first aid, a full-blown inspection (uniforms, rifles, questions, etc. ), and (of course) more classes on core values. During week 7, youll also experience a 6 mile night march, and get another chance at the Confidence Course. Week 8 is called Team Week, which means you get to spend all of your time working at the mess hall or some other glamorous detail. This is much better than it sounds, however; for an entire week, youll be free of the incessant presence of the D. I. s (to be replaced with the relatively gentler attitudes of the mess sergeants). Additionally, youll enjoy using your status as a senior recruit to help, um.. motivate brand new recruits as they stumble throw the chow hall lines. (BTW, the best way to tell senior recruits from the newbies is to look at their haircuts. Bald heads indicates new recruits, while stubble, or high tights indicate more senior recruits). One word of warning. Enjoy it while it lasts when you return to your platoon at the end of this week, youll more likely than not discover that your D. I. thinks youve grown sloppy and undisciplined during the week, and will expend extra effort for the next few days in returning you and the rest of the platoon to his/her version of disciplined recruits. This re-transformation will most likely require several applications of quarter-decking. The ninth week will consist almost entirely of the fundamentals of field firing, in preparation for field training during the tenth week. There will also be a 10 mile march (with packs) during week 9. If you havnt experienced blisters yet during your time in boot camp, you most likely will experience it during week 9. During week 10, youll start putting all of your training together during field training. Field Training is practice war. Youll operate and live in a simulated combat environment, and learn the fundamentals of patrolling, firing, setting up camp, and more. Basic Warrior Training introduces recruits to field living conditions. The majority of a Marines field training is conducted after recruit training at the School of Infantry. During the 3-day Basic Warrior Training conducted during boot camp, recruits will learn basic field skills like setting up a tent, field sanitation and camouflage. It is also during this training that recruits go through the gas chamber. During week 11, you get a chance to put everything youve learned in boot camp to the test. The week starts with the biggest competition of all: The Company Commanders Inspection. Not only are you being judged here, but your D. I. is being judged as well. It will behoove you to give this inspection every single thing youve got (hint: to don your trousers without breaking the crease, stand on your foot-locker). Once youve gotten the Company Commanders Inspection out of the way, youll experience the event to top all events: The Crucible. The Crucible is the final test every recruit must go through to become a Marine. It will test you physically, mentally and morally and is the defining moment in recruit training. The Crucible is no walk in the park, unless your idea of a walk in the park takes place over 54-hours and includes food and sleep deprivation (only four hours of sleep per night)and approximately 40 miles of marching. The entire Crucible event pits teams of recruits against a barrage of day and night events requiring every recruit to work together solving problems, overcoming obstacles and helping each other along. The Crucible Event is designed around Core Value Stations, Warrior Stations, the Confidence Course, Reaction Course, and Movement Course as well as other various mentally and physically challenging events. A final foot march will conclude with a Morning Colors Ceremony and a Warriors Breakfast. The famed Eagle, Globe and Anchor Ceremony is conducted immediately after the Cruicible. The Eagle, Globe and Anchor is the Marine Corps Emblem It signifies that you are a member, always and forever, of the few and the proud. The ceremony is the most emotional time of basic training, even more so than the graduation parade. Ever seen a grown Marine cry? Try to find a dry eye during this ceremony. The event used to be held on family day, the day before the graduation parade. However, this life-changing event is now a private (Marines only) ceremony, held immediately after the Cruicible. Week 11 is also known as Transformation Week. During this week the new Marines are given 1 hour extra free time each evening and wear the rank insignia of the grade to which they were either guaranteed upon enlistment, or earned during recruit training. Also during this week, more responsibility is given to the privates and privates first class and the supervision from the drill instructors is decreased. In fact, drill instructors dont wear their duty belts during this time and many of the Drill Instructors will allow the new Marines call them by their rank, not as sir or maam. This week helps these new Marines adjust from being a recruit to being a Marine. The final week. D. I. s are no longer yelling (as much). Youll spend this last week learning about theHeroes of the Corps, a class or two on financial management, the relatively easy Battalion Commanders Inspection, more (of course) core value classes, and finally, graduation practice and graduation. The minimum (core) graduation requirements are: (1) Pass the physical fitness test and be within prescribed weight standards (2) Qualify for Combat Water Survival at level 4 or higher (3) Qualify with the service rifle (4) Pass the batallion commanders inspection (5) Pass the written tests (6) Complete the CrucibleIf you fail in any of the above areas, you are subject to be recycled (sent backwards in time to another platoon), or may possibly bedischarged. Heres how your 13 weeks breaks down in actual hours: Instructional Time (The Crucible / Combat Water Survival / Weapons and Field Training): 279. 5 hours Core Values / Academics / Values Reinforcement: 41. 5 Physical Fitness: 59 Close Order Drill: 54. 5 Field Training: 31 Close Combat Training: 27 Conditioning Marches:Administration: 60 Senior DI Time (nightly free time): 55. 5 Movement Time: 60 Sleep: 479 Basic Daily Routine: 210 Chow: 179 Total: 1518 hours Still not impressed? Check out the complete list of tasks you will be tested on. If you do a great job, you just might get promoted. Based on the recommendations of the Senior Drill Instructor, the Commanding General can meritoriously promote recruits who have consistently demonstrated superior performance in the following areas and have no nonjudicial punishment infractions. Physical Fitness,Marksmanship,Leadership, Motivation, Academics and Field Skills Marines are authorized 10 days of leave, immediately following graduation from boot camp. Youll need the rest, however because boot camp is just the start.

Information Technology Management at ZARA Essay

Information Technology Management at ZARA - Essay Example This essay outlines that information technology is helping the company to manage queues inside the outlet, control inventory and handle POS-terminals (Point-of-Sale terminal). In addition, IT is playing the all important role in managing Zara’s online store. The report also uncovered that, with the use of information technology, the company has been able to achieve competitive advantage over its competitors. One of the key findings of the study is that, Zara is using outdated software. According to the technical lead of ZARA, the software may be outdates but is highly stable. However it has been identified that any changes in the system configuration by the hardware vendors may negatively impact the company’s POS terminal operation.   The study is about analysing the most important aspects of Zara’s approach to information technology management. Apart from that the report will also shed light on whether or not these approaches are applicable and appropriate anywhere in the organization. In order to satisfy these objectives, the study will carry out an in-depth analysis of the external business environment of Zara and a brief internal analysis of the company. However the focus will be mainly on the information technology management of the company. Based on the findings, the report will draw a conclusion and provide some recommendations regarding how to improve the productivity of the company. Nevertheless, before getting further deep into the study, a brief overview of Zara is presented below.   ... In order to satisfy these objectives, the study will carry out an in-depth analysis of the external business environment of Zara and a brief internal analysis of the company. However the focus will be mainly on the information technology management of the company. Based on the findings, the report will draw a conclusion and provide some recommendations regarding how to improve the productivity of the company. Nevertheless, before getting further deep into the study, a brief overview of Zara is presented below. ZARA: A brief Synopsis Zara is a Spanish company involved in manufacturing and marketing of clothing and accessories. The company is the sister concern of Inditex, which is one of the leading distribution groups of the world. Zara was founded by Amancio Ortega and Rosalia Mera in the year 1975. Presently it is headquartered at Arteixo, Spain. The first store of the company was opened in La Courna. Zara is considered to be one of the largest multinational fashion companies (Zara , 2010a). The major competitors of Zara in the global context are Uniqlo, H&M, Marks & Spencer and United Colors of Benetton. According to reports, the company owns 5,527 stores around the world. Apart from the store operations, it also operates through online platforms. The net sales value of the company in the year 2011 was 13,793, and the operating profit was 3,258 which reflect the company’s financial stability (Inditex, 2011). The company is best known for continuously developing and launching new products. The company comes up with a number of innovative designs each year, which helps them to compete in the market. According to the CEO of the company, Zara’s business idea is very much

Coffee Production on the International Markets Term Paper

Coffee Production on the International Markets - Term Paper Example Unfortunately, FLO has faced a number of challenges in rolling out its â€Å"sustainability criteria.† This has especially been attributed to overreliance on supply chain relations in the administration and management of this endeavour (Jaffee 12). While Fairtrade has sought to offer solutions for economic sustainability at the producer level, it fails to provide a solution to macroeconomic variations which dictate price and credit behaviour. This has triggered massive campaigns within the consumer markets in favour of fair-trade labelled coffees. The global supply of coffee is approximated to have been 8 percent above the demand as per 2003 world’s depressed prices. This, in turn, led to world’s coffee prices hitting its all-time lowest in 30 years, has declined by about 50 percent in a span of three years. Governments eager to boost their export earnings contributed heavily to this scenario as they encouraged their farmers to grow more coffee. All this was done oblivious of the catastrophic impact on the world market. East African countries such as Uganda, Ethiopia, and Kenya are among the coffee producers that were heavily hit by this price slump. The low coffee prices in the global market had rippling effect as small farmers who contribute significantly to the total production started feeling exploited. Fairtrade was thus adopted to restore some sanity in within the coffee industry. The specific objective was to protect small farmers in the developing world from exploitation by the developed world. Fairtrade thus guarantees $1.26/pound (a living wage) in addition to access to credit facilities from cooperatives (Ruben, Ruerd, and Simone 23). The creation and consequent demand for Fair-trade labelled coffee has forced the likes of Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts to rise up to the occasion and address social responsibilities as demanded by the developing countries.  

Assess the extend to which the merger between firms is in the interest Essay

Assess the extend to which the merger between firms is in the interest of both consumers and the firms - Essay Example This is always luxurious to the suppliers, who in a bid to keep the market under consideration will offer discounts and sale their supplies to the merged organization at a cheaper rate (Cooper, 2006). It is important to denote that the organization will not only benefit from discounted products, but it will also be able to easily access credit and finances from financial institutions cheaply. This is because of the increased size and capital base of the new organization. Another benefit of merger is that an organization is able to diversify its production and services. Take for instance, the merger between Pay Pal, and eBay. eBay is an online auctioneering firm, where as Pay Pal is an online payment system (Foster, 2010). On this basis, eBay is able to diversify the production of its services that is provision of online auction services, as well as providing services in online payments. Another important benefit of a merger is an increase in the market share of the new firm/ organization (Shenfelter and Hosken, 2010). For instance, the failed merger between Daimler and Chrysler was to help the two organizations increase the share of their markets in the United States, and Germany as a whole. This is by taking advantage of the distribution channels that the two organizations commanded. Another benefit of a merger is that they result to improving the image of a company under consideration (Cooper, 2006). This is because mergers and acquisitions normally get huge media coverage, as a result, the companies can take advantage of this, to outline their policies, and also market their products. A company that experiences a merger will also manage to increase the value of its stock, and this is because of the perception that the new entity formed will be profitable (Foster, 2010). For instance, the merger between US Airways, and the American Airlines was able to

Atermath of Katrina, Returning to a Workplace Essay

Atermath of Katrina, Returning to a Workplace - Essay Example My primary concern as an Industrial Hygienist deputed to clean up the hospital in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina would be to prevent or control the spread of infectious diseases such as diarrhea, flu, cold and TB. Because as evidence from similar natural catastrophes suggests, the people returning to New Orleans are likely to suffer from these diseases in the immediate aftermath of Katrina. Gastroenteritis is also likely to be prevalent. Hence I would order my team and also avail of services from other disaster relief personnel and design an basic hygiene awareness program for the hospital. For example, proper hand-washing techniques will be demonstrated to all concerned. Along with practical demonstrations, I would make posters, fliers and email postings to reiterate the proper technique of hand washing. I would place bottles of Gel hand sanitizers at important access points within the hospital. Other infectious diseases that I would try to prevent or control include rashes and skin infections. Once any of these diseases is identified in the surrounding population, it is imperative that diseased individuals are separated from the crowd so as to stop further spread. All the beds and chairs within the hospital will be scanned for fomites. It is advisable to remove soiled cots, mattresses and bed spreads from the premises. (Chew, et. al, 2006) I would also be concerned about the mold and endotoxin levels in the hospital environment. I will involve the two technicians in my team to bring samples and perform tests for ascertaining mold and endotoxin levels. It is imperative that they wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as respirators. The advice would be to wear elastomeric respirators. Alongside mold and endotoxin level measurement, I would implement the process of deconstruction, which entails removal of soiled and muddied carpets, removal of

Resistance to Change phenomenon as a positive force for organisations Essay - 1

Resistance to Change phenomenon as a positive force for organisations - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that change is pervasive in every organization with the current economy, and it happens continuously at a rapid speed. On the other hand, resistance remains an inevitable response to any major change, and people naturally rush to defend their status quo especially during compromising status or security threats. According to Tanachart and Islam, organizational change can create cynicism and resistance in employees, which may sometimes make it difficult to implement organizational change. Nieuwenhuizen et al. define resistance as an action proposed to defend a person from the effects of change. The competition is quite high making change inevitable hence the need for every organization to manage change. Researchers argue that the employees will resist change despite its benefits to them and the organization. However, change resistance is the last thing that management would like during any changing process although theorists argue that it is helpful. Change is here to stay and any company, according to Hill and Jones without change risks a competition that could drive them out of business and possible closure. In any organizational structure, change comes from above, and therefore managers should possess a change management skill. Unfortunately, most employees do not respond positively to change, and that calls for managers to understand why they resist the change. Robert Kennedy once quoted that 20% of the people resist change. No matter the effectiveness of a leader, the change efforts will always face challenge or sabotage. For this reason, organizational change does not come easy, and two-thirds of organizational changes fail. Therefore, it is important for an organization to expect resistance and plan for it before commencing the change. This expectation will help the organization to prepare for the worst and apply change management skills in handling the resistance. Campbell emphasizes the need for managers to pos sess change management skills for the sake of handling resistance. Hill and Jones argue that the greatest significance of a change in any organization is that it presents conceptual scaffolding for people, the process, and the organization implementing change.

Atermath of Katrina, Returning to a Workplace Essay

Atermath of Katrina, Returning to a Workplace - Essay Example My primary concern as an Industrial Hygienist deputed to clean up the hospital in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina would be to prevent or control the spread of infectious diseases such as diarrhea, flu, cold and TB. Because as evidence from similar natural catastrophes suggests, the people returning to New Orleans are likely to suffer from these diseases in the immediate aftermath of Katrina. Gastroenteritis is also likely to be prevalent. Hence I would order my team and also avail of services from other disaster relief personnel and design an basic hygiene awareness program for the hospital. For example, proper hand-washing techniques will be demonstrated to all concerned. Along with practical demonstrations, I would make posters, fliers and email postings to reiterate the proper technique of hand washing. I would place bottles of Gel hand sanitizers at important access points within the hospital. Other infectious diseases that I would try to prevent or control include rashes and skin infections. Once any of these diseases is identified in the surrounding population, it is imperative that diseased individuals are separated from the crowd so as to stop further spread. All the beds and chairs within the hospital will be scanned for fomites. It is advisable to remove soiled cots, mattresses and bed spreads from the premises. (Chew, et. al, 2006) I would also be concerned about the mold and endotoxin levels in the hospital environment. I will involve the two technicians in my team to bring samples and perform tests for ascertaining mold and endotoxin levels. It is imperative that they wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as respirators. The advice would be to wear elastomeric respirators. Alongside mold and endotoxin level measurement, I would implement the process of deconstruction, which entails removal of soiled and muddied carpets, removal of

Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Democracy - Essay Example Plutocracy is less idealistic than democracy in that it is not the people’s voice but the will of the institutions that holds sway over policy. But plutocracy is still better than a totalitarian society where power is concentrated in the hands of small ruling elite with no accountability. Dahl classifies political systems under a spectrum of five gradations. At the top of the scale are the fairest systems that employ ‘rational persuasion’ for gathering public consensus. At the bottom of the scale are brutal autocracies that regularly resort to ‘physical force’ to keep the population under control. But Dahl admits that even in the most fair of existing systems the power is wielded from top-down. This means that the notion of democracy as a people-inspired and people-regulated governing system does not exist anywhere today. Professor Charles Hauss understands democracy in terms of functioning electoral politics. Any nation-state that conducts free and f air elections periodically would qualify as democratic under this view. In Hauss’ own words â€Å"free, open and competitive elections are central conditions for a democracy†. (Hauss, as quoted in Edwards 2010) Also important to this setup is the credibility of ‘rule of law’. ... To this extent this latter category of countries would only be nominal democratic societies. When we analyze the American political system in the backdrop of the definitions of Hauss and Dahl, we can note a few divergences. What Dahl’s list of options for population control does not mention is ‘propaganda’. The Chomsky-Herman propaganda model fills the gap left by Dahl’s conceptualization. Given that America is the birthplace for modern advertising and the Public Relations industry (PR) in the country is billions of dollars worth, it is fair to claim that PR is the foremost method here for the control of public minds. It is difficult to place the American style of governance in the gradation offered by Dahl. The most benign method of generating public consensus proposed by Dahl is ‘rational persuasion’. America is an exception to even this benign form of manufactured consent, for what the PR industry does is irrational persuasion. As Chomsky-He rman note, advertising is all about â€Å"misinforming people so that they make irrational choices†. (Chomsky, quoted in Wilson 2010) There is less divergence with Hauss’ understanding of democracy, for he links it with the capitalist economy. America being the leading practitioner of capitalism qualifies under Hauss’ classification. Moreover, there is competent enforcement of law within the country, although America is well-known for breaching international law, especially under the auspices of the United Nations. Seymour Martin Lipset, on the other hand, would have found the American political system disappointing in terms of how democratic he found it to be. He believed that â€Å"the more well-to-do a nation, the greater the chances that it will sustain democracy†. (Lipset, quoted in Edwards

American Politics in the Context of Obama’s Election and the First 100 Days Essay Example for Free

American Politics in the Context of Obama’s Election and the First 100 Days Essay Though none opposes the fact that motivation is the real driving engine of every action, there is considerable differences among the theorists about its mechanism, especially when it comes to explore the possibility to bring out the best out in the employees of an organization, where one school of thought advocates for extrinsic motivation for instant solution and the other insists on capitalizing the long-term efficacy of intrinsic motivation. Under the present context of economic downturn, this issue is extremely important, as extrinsic motivation primarily involves money. Therefore, this paper explores the core elements of motivation and concepts of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards from relevant literature, before coming into its own conclusion. Core of Motivation The core of motivation contains three elements like Consciousness, Inverted Qualia and Absent Qualia. These three together create various mental states. Consciousness It has six major identifiable states like 1. State of awareness: When someone is aware of something (Rosenthal, 1986). 2. Qualitative states: Sensing something out of something like enjoying a meal or experiencing a pain. Such experiences are called qualia, and are regarded as intrinsic, private, ineffable and nomadic features of experience, (Dennet, 1990). 3. Phenomenal states: A state involving more than sensory qualia, covering spatial, temporal and conceptual organization of experiences about the world and the persons inference about it. 4. What-it-is-like states: Associating a sense of experience with another. 5. Access consciousness: Its like seeing a thing and ideating something and then deciding on something, where there may or may not be any relationship among the above-said three stages. 6. Narrative consciousness: This stream of consciousness contains a series of thoughts from the perspective of an actual or merely virtual self (Dennett, 1991). Inverted Qualia It refers to a personal package of intrinsic and intricate experiences, with which humans decipher various external signals and respond to them, where the nature of experience governs the nature of response. The difference in perception causes inverted qualia, as for example someone might like green tea and detest coffee for no unexplainable reasons. This trait has a strong connection with intrinsic motivation (Dennet, 1991) Absent Qualia The concept of absent qualia claims that functional duplicates of a creature would do the same. As for example, if Mr. X likes tea and dislikes coffee, then his absolute clone would also do the same, for which the clone would not need an intricate and intrinsic package of experiences (Dennet, 1991). This concept backs the idea of getting result through extrinsic reward – as for example, if Mr. X and Mr. Y do identical jobs under identical conditions, then if Mr. X feels satisfied with cash reward, Mr.  Y would too follow the suit without a second thought! This study thus highlights two sets of hidden relationships, one, between inverted qualia and intrinsic motivation/rewards, and two, between absent qualia and extrinsic motivation/rewards. In any case, humans (apparently) involuntary association with rewards too has its routes in their perceptions, which maintain a master list of individual desires, and accordingly propel them to fulfill such desires. Put into an imaginary diagram, the mechanism of human mind can look somewhat like below: Mechanism of Motivation Motivating Tools From the organizational perspective, the ways and means to motivate the employees can be many. However, the common ones among them are, 1. Rewards 2. Retention 3. Morale 5. Job-enrichment 6. Reinforcement 1. Rewards System: Rewards or recognition system has a great bearing on the emotional plane of humans. † Every behavior comes out of pain and gain principle, says Khera (2004, p. 110). There can be many types of tangible gains like money, vacations or gifts, or they can be intangible, like recognition, appreciation, sense of achievement, growth, responsibility, sense of fulfillment, self-worth, etc. 2. Retention: It highly motivates the employees, as Retention is critical to the long term health and success of the company (Heathfield, 2008). 3. Morale: The elements like praise, love and faith can charge up anyone under any circumstance. 4. Job Enrichment: It relates to the in-house grooming of the employees to become an expert in the related field. 5. Reinforcement. By all means, it is a tool to control the employee behavior (Positive, 2000), which binds the company activities together. Other Factors Related to Motivation There are three other factors that can be instrumental to keep employees motivated, and they are: Job Satisfaction, Goal-setting and Performance appraisals. They are considered to be the self-boosters of the employees, and according to Murphy (2001), belief is a thought that causes the power of subconscious to be distributed into all phases of life. Motivation and Reward System Reward systems are created to fuel the employee cooperation, effort and overall satisfaction of all members of the company Cacioppe (1999). Other researchers like Hackman (1997) Shea and Guzzo (1987) too have endorsed this view, and suggested to align rewards with group activities. The basic parameter of the formulating a reward structure, however, is expected to apply the common logic like optimizing the ability of the workforce as a whole, though in practice it might go down to an individual, especially where the work patterns are not interdependent. This situation commands a quick review of the nature of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Intrinsic Rewards Deci (1975) says that intrinsic rewards evoke a sense of personal causation i. e.  , an inward mechanism serving as the guiding engine for the action, where its elements are usually intangible and working on the plane of ones perception, where the journey is being enjoyed over the outcome. Extrinsic Rewards Extrinsic rewards are supposed to generate perceptions of external causation (Deci, 1975) by being mostly tangible in nature – a hike in salary or status, or material gains in other forms. However, researchers like Guzzo, (1979) defies any division in the reward system and considers it a single, usable tools to tweak the frequency of desired response of the employees towards a desired direction. Researchers like Hull (1943) and Skinner (1953) placed extrinsic reward as a direct link between stimulus and response, and their views include punishment as a stimulus too, besides subscribing to the power of stimulus. Reaction No matter how much Hull (1943) and Skinner (1953) wanted to establish extrinsic motivation as the best motivating tool to earn competitive advantage, extrinsic motivation carries a hidden cost besides the cost involved in its implementation. Researchers like Deci and Ryan (1985) used attribution theory and suggested that humans constantly reassess the reasons for their behaviors besides others. Before that, Lepper et al. (1973) had observed that reinforcement generates two effects for the management, like gaining control over activity or fastening the process; two, the backlash effect in absence of reinforcement. The example below would explain it better: A group or an individual gets a reward of x amount of money for a period y, where x+y=m, m being the increased rate of production. Before that, the situation was y=z where production was z. Now in the absence of reinforcement and with the influence of attribution theory, the situation would stand like y-x = n, where n z. This clearly goes against the basic reason for motivating the employees, i. e. , to enhance the profit of the organization. Engagement occurs when an employee connects emotionally with his work, says Paul Glen (2007), and if one checks the mechanism of motivation, one gets convinced that extrinsic motivation cannot influence the employees to connect emotionally with their work, as it is guided by absent qualia, i. e. , a momentary and involuntary chase, where emotion has no role to play. On the other hand, the intrinsic motivation is guided by inverted qualia, i.  e. , conscious chase and that clearly takes along emotion in its journey and influence the human mind in no less than six ways. Conclusion The research and discussion above clearly shows that extrinsic motivation system can be a threat in disguise for the organizations especially under the present context of economic downturn, while intrinsic motivation can be the ideal solution under the same circumstance, where it can raise emotional attachment with the organization and inspire the employees to produce more for less. References Cacioppe, R. (1999). Using team-individual reward and recognition strategies to drive organizational success. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 20(6), pp. 322-331. Deci, E. and Ryan, R. (1985) Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum Press. Deci, E. L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum. Denett, D. C. (1990). Quining qualia. In Mind and Cognition, W. Lycan (Ed. ), Oxford: Blackwell, 519-548. Dennett, D. C. (1991). Consciousness explained. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Glen, P. (2007). You Cant Outsource Retention. Computerworld, July 16, 2007. Guzzo, R. A. (1979). Types of rewards, cognitions, and work motivation. Academy of Management Review, 4(1), pp. 75-86. Hackman, J. R. (1997). Why teams dont work. In R. S. Tindale, J. Edwards, E. J. Posavac (Eds. ) Applications of theory and research on groups to social issues. New York: Plenum.

Describing The Assessment Process For Hospital Ward Patient Nursing Essay

Describing The Assessment Process For Hospital Ward Patient Nursing Essay The purpose of this assignment is to describe how a nurse assesses a patient admitted to a hospital ward. It will discuss the history of the patient, any pre-existing medical conditions and the reason they were admitted to the ward. It will also describe the hospital setting, the nursing model used, the risk assessment tools and the information collected from the assessment including the needs identified and what can be and will be done. For the purpose of this assignment the patient, healthcare professionals and the trust must remain anonymous, and will be referred to by pseudonyms. This is in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) code, where it clearly states you must respect peoples right to confidentiality (NMC Code, 2008). The patient receiving assessment and care will be referred to as Mrs Ethel Morris. Mrs Ethel Morris was admitted to an orthopaedic trauma ward within the North West. Orthopaedics is the correcting of deformities to the skeletal joints and bones, which have been caused by damage or disease (McFerran, 2008). The ward consisted of many staff, including, nurses, health care assistants, a house officer, medical consultants and physiotherapists. It had three bays, 2 being female, with 8 beds in each and one ten bedded male bay. Also, there were 4 side rooms for patients that needed to be isolated. This was an acute setting with various Orthopaedic conditions, including fractures of all types. The ward admits patients twenty-four hours a day from Accident and Emergency (AE) and transfers from other hospitals. Many of the patients admitted have pre-existing medical conditions, which have to be taken into account alongside their fractures. Ethel was an 82-year-old lady who had fallen whilst she was out shopping with her daughter. She usually walked with a walking stick to aid her balance, but with a previous history of dementia she had forgotten it. Dementia is a progressive deterioration of the brain, caused by structural and chemical changes within the brain. Symptoms include, memory loss, disorientation and changes in personality (Ouldred, 2007). Ethels friend had called an ambulance immediately after the fall, and she was admitted to the ward through accident and emergency. Ethels fall had resulted in a fracture to the neck of femur in her left leg. Marieb (1998) states that the femur is the strongest and largest bone in the body. It consists of a ball, which is known as the head of the femur, which is carried on the neck of femur to the long bone. The neck is the weakest part of the femur. Elderly people are more at risk of falls as their muscles become weaker they become less flexible. This then interferes with their movement and balance, they become more inactive and this increases the risk of falls. (Skelton et al, 1999) Ethel also has osteoporosis, which may have contributed to her fracture. Liscum (1992) states this is the formation of the bone having decreased. Elderly women suffering from osteoporosis, who subsequently sustain a fractured neck of femur, face a fifty percent chance of not walking again. Ethel appeared confused when she arrived on the ward, not knowing how she had come to be in hospital, apart from being aware of the pain and discomfort she was suffering with her hip. The nursing staff reminded Ethel what had happened and checked her drug kardex immediately for pain relief. The doctor who had seen Ethel in AE had written her up for 5ml of oromorph every three hours to control the pain. As oromorph is a controlled drug the nurse checked the dosage with another registered nurse and give it to Ethel orally. Once Ethel was comfortable, the nurse in charge of the bay began the nursing assessment. An assessment is the collection of information from an individual, to establish their needs and develop a clear prospective of their situation. The nursing process relies upon complete and thorough assessments to be a success. A key nursing skill is observing a patient, using all five senses, from listening to gain information, to touching them, assessing their temperature and the condition of their skin (Brooker and Waugh, 2007) Holland et al (2008) also states that an assessment identifies the priority amongst the problems. Data can be collected in a number of different ways, from observing a patient, communicating with them and through their clinical notes. Collection of information can also be made through a secondary source (a relative), if, for example, the primary source (the patient) was unconscious. A named nurse approach was used on the ward; this provides individualised care for the patient from admission to the point of discharge. Named nursing has been developed from primary nursing and is very closely connected to team nursing. (Dawe, 2008) The ward follows a philosophy of care to meet individual needs. Providing patient centred care, meeting individual needs whilst respecting their privacy, dignity, religious and cultural beliefs. They strive to provide high quality care and aim to maximise the potential of individuals to adapt and cope with their conditions. The wards philosophy reflects the National Service Frameworks (NSFs) quality of care. NSFs are in place to improve care in twelve specific areas, including blood pressure, diabetes and mental health. The standards have been implemented nationally and they have all been set certain time scales. (Department of Health (DOH), 2008) The ward uses most of the NSFs depending on which patient they are dealing with. In Ethels case the main ones being blood pressure and older people, which has eight different standards of its own. The nurse firstly recorded Ethels clinical observations, and her saturations appeared to be very low at only 89%. Oxygen saturations are monitored through an electronic device called a pulse oximeter. This reads the oxygen levels of haemoglobin in the arteries and is updated with each pulse (Jevon, 2000). The nurse immediately put her on four litres of oxygen through a nose cannula. A Nose cannula is two small plastic tubes that are inserted into each nostril to administer oxygen. This allows room air to be breathed in at the same time and is secured by tubing over the ears, which fits onto the oxygen cylinder (Brooker and Waugh, 2007). The nurse carried out Ethels assessment by her bedside with the curtains drawn to respect her privacy. As Ethel had dementia her daughter was present for the assessment, to confirm details and help with the process. Barrett et al (2009) states that nurses who carry out disorganized, incomplete assessments, may fail to notice a major concern, or recognize an underlying problem. Nursing models are used in the assessment process in most care settings. They are in place to establish the information that is required, ways it can be gathered for the best results, and the detail that is likely to be more helpful. (Aggleton and Chalmers, 2000) Roper et al (2000) says that models are used to help organize thinking by creating theory. They are global views that have been summarised into systems. There are many different Nursing Models used in clinical settings from Orems self care model to Hendersons model of nursing. Nursing models are used to provide a distinctive framework, to highlight what the patients needs are (Fawcett, 1989). The nursing model used on this ward was Roper Logan and Tierney, Activities of living model. Roper et al (1996) activities of living consists of twelve activities that ensure survival, these are, maintaining a safe environment, communicating, breathing, eating and drinking, eliminating, personal cleansing and dressing, controlling of body temperature, mobilising, working and playing, expressing sexuality, sleeping and dying. These activities are all as important as each other and one cannot be done without another. The impact of illness will affect more than one of these activities. Roper et al (2000) activities of living was first written in 1980 for nursing practice to be introduced to students. At this time there were five concepts in the model that included activities of living, lifespan and individuality in living. The model became the United Kingdoms most popular model and was also widely used throughout Europe. The nurse used a number of risk assessment tools when assessing Ethel. These were, the malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST), waterlow score, falls risk assessment score for the elderly (FRASE) and the Abbey pain scale. The MUST tool is a nutritional screening tool that recognises over nutrition (obesity) and under nutrition (BAPEN, 2008). The MUST tool was developed so nutritional care would improve in all care settings, by the malnutrition advisory group (MAG) of BAPEN. This tool can be applied to all adult patients, even those who are bed bound (BAPEN, 2008). As a result of the MUST screening tool, Ethel was commenced on a fluid balance chart. This measures the quantity of liquid intake, including Intravenous (IV) fluids and drinks, against the total urine output. Also to be monitored was Ethels food intake, this was to be done on a food chart. This needed updating after every mealtime to show how much was being eaten at different times. The waterlow score is to determine whether a patient is at risk of developing a pressure ulcer (Waterlow, 2005). This tool uses a scoring system, based on patients data. The categories include skin type, age, and continence. (Thompson, 2005) Ethels score was sixteen and she was at high-risk of pressure sores, this was due to her age and mobility. Waterlow (2005) first designed this tool for students use in 1985. It is the most frequent risk assessment tool in the United Kingdom (UK), and is used throughout hospitals, nursing homes and within the community. Pressure ulcers are most common in people with bony surfaces, thin skin and an unhealthy diet. Ethel was found to be a high risk of developing a pressure sore, as she was immobile and had tissue paper skin. The nurse commenced her on a turns chart so she would be rolled or moved every three hours to check and relieve her pressure areas. Also a pressure-relieving mattress was ordered for Ethel, this alternates the body areas under pressure by rotating the air throughout the mattress. (Collins, 2004) The FRASE assessment tool is to assess if a patient is at risk of a fall, taking into account their history and their current state. (Bolton NHS, 2003) Connard developed a fall risk assessment for the elderly in 1996; this was then adapted into a hybrid tool, known as the FRASE tool. It is in similar context to the waterlow score as they both use a points scale to assess the patients level of vulnerability (Kinn and Hood, 2001) The nurse carrying out the assessment began Ethel on a falls care plan, as she was at high-risk from having another fall. A member of staff was to update the care plan each day, noting any unsteadiness or falls. This was going to play a greater part after Ethels operation, as for the time being she was bed bound. The Abbey pain scale was developed in Australia to assess patients pain levels. It was used for individuals who had trouble communicating effectively and who suffered from dementia (Turner-stokes and Higgins, 2007). Abbey (2004) researched and developed the abbey pain scale between 1997 and 2002, and wanted it to be a straightforward and effective tool, used by all health care staff. It consisted of six scales to measure pain including physiological changes to changes in body language. Ethels score was seven and her pain level was acute to chronic during the assessment. The nurse had previously administered 5ml of Oromorph, and because of this the abbey scale was to be updated every hour to monitor the success of the pain relief. During the assessment the nurse collected various information from Ethel, including objective and subjective data. Newson (2008) states that objective data is information collected that can be measured such as temperature and blood pressure. The MUST tool was used to measure Ethels weight, and other observations were recorded, including blood pressure which was 142 systolic and pulse of 84; these were all in satisfactory limits. Any data collected outside the normal range would have been given an early warning score. A doctor and the outreach team need informing if a score totals three or above (Baines and Kanagasundaram, 2008). Also collected was Ethels details that included her, address, date of birth, and her medical history. This can be obtained through medical notes. as original records cannot be tampered with and all records made must be clear and accurate (NMC Code, 2008). Subjective data is information that cannot be measured, for example, information that the patient has given about him or herself, or the nurses insight on the patient (Newson, 2008). The nurse asked Ethel questions to gain this information, if she felt nauseas, or in pain and how she felt about what had happened. Also observed was Ethels behaviour to see if she was agitated or frightened, closed body language showed she was as her arms were wrapped around herself. The nurse also looked at and noted the condition of her skin, nails and hair. Due to Ethels dementia she didnt understand very much of what was going on and didnt know how she had ended up on a hospital ward. Short-term memory is affected alongside some long-term memory loss. This affects the ability to communicate with people and can result in the patient asking the same question repeatedly (LEHR, 2006). The nurse had to keep reassuring Ethel about what had happened, how she ended up on the ward and what her plan was. Communication is a key skill in nursing and it is an essential part in building the patient-nurse relationship. The nurse has to gain lots of information from the patient so it is important to know whether there is a communication barrier, such as a hearing problem or if the patient cannot read or speak the same language. They may need to speak more loudly or slowly so the patient can lip-read (Holland et al 2008). McCabe and Timmins, (2006) states that communication should be focused on the patient, rather than task centred. Listening, empathy and support are essential communication skills in nursing, but the main being to develop a relationship with the patient, and nurses should make time to spend with them. Ethels daughter stayed during the assessment process to help the nurse gain accurate information and communicate effectively with Ethel. The nurse had to speak slowly so she understood, and if she looked confused the nurse would reassure her and repeat the question. This process took a long time but it was necessary so Ethel could gain trust in the nurse. This made her feel more relaxed and comfortable as she could feel the warmth that had developed between them. This assignment has shown how a nurse has an important role in assessing, planning and the implementation of patient care. It has shown that nurses have to obtain data by using a various number of different sources, from assessment tools to observing patients behaviour. The nurse must also use a nursing model to help complete full and accurate assessments of patients and their needs. If there is a communication barrier, nurses must be able to overcome it by using an interpreter or picture cards. The needs identified during the assessment process have to be implemented and care plans introduced. Nurses then have a responsibility to keep regularly updating the care plans by re-assessing the patient on a regular basis.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Essay -- Biology

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate and is the immediate supply of energy for biological processes. The ATP consists of an organic nitrogenous base, Adenosine, which is one of the four bases found in a DNA strand, it also consists of a ribose sugar with three phosphates joined by high energy bonds. The energy itself is stored in the form of high-energy chemical bonds; this energy is released on hydrolysis, i.e. by the reaction with water, in a similar way peptide bonds are hydrolysed in proteins. ATP is adapted to is highly suited to its function and role within living organisms as it is easily broken down and is thus a store for immediate energy; it is also a small molecule and can easily move around cells and through membranes. The production of ATP is usually associated with two principalities including respiration and mitochondria. It is common knowledge that respiration, which happens in all living organisms, produces energy and is expressed by the equation of: Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy Respiration can be, aerobic, occurring in an oxygenated environment or anaerobic, occurring in oxygen lacking environments. The latter producing 2 molecules of ATP and the former producing between 36- 38 ATP molecules. The energy released from the respiration of glucose is used to add inorganic phosphate to ADP, producing ATP. This is achieved by glycolysis, krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation which are cumulatively known to be involved in aerobic cellular respiration. As we shall see, this process makes use of co-enzymes such as ADP and Dehydrogenases such as NAD+. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell and involves the production of 2 molecules of pyruvate which occurs when glucose undergoes phosphorylation, lysis and then oxidation, yielding pyruvate and 2 molecules of ATP along with 2 molecules of reduced NAD. In aerobic respiration only the reduced NAD generated here enters a mitochondrion and goes into the electron transport chair where it is used to generate 6 molecules of ATP. Hence, the net ATP produced from glycolysis are 8 molecules of ATP. The next stage is krebs cycle which occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria, the resulting product from oxdative decarboxylation of pyruvate is progressively degraded by as series of reactions involving four dehydrogenations, two decarboxylations and ... ...P the hexose would not be formed and none of the compounds would be produced, thus the plant would not exist. ATP is used in active transport in plants, similar to the kidney in humans. The absorption of minerals, such as nitrates & phosphates require ATP, which are present in root hair cells. These nitrates and phosphates are used in protein and chlorophyll synthesis as well as synthesis of DNA, ATP and NADP, which are essential to the plants growth. However, the mineral salts which are carried in solution by the symplast or apoplast pathway need to cross the endodermal barrier, which is impermeable. They cross the endodermal barrier by active transport and continue their journey in solution as ions in the xylem. In conclusion, ATP is adapted to its function and is probably one of the most important molecules in biological processes; it is produced in the mitochondria but is used all over the human body and is equally important in plants, where it is produced in the thylakoids. ATP is essential for survival as it allows the growth of autotrophs and thus supports all the food chains in the world, and also is important in maintaining and controlling the human internal environment.

Outsiders in The Flying Machine, The Pedestrian, and I See You Never :: Ray Bradbury, The Pedestrian

Outsiders in The Flying Machine, The Pedestrian, and I See You Never The Flying Machine, in this the ousider is the Inventor. He is classed as an outsider because he is seen to be a threat.(outisde accepted behaviour). The Pedestrian, in this the outsider is Mr Leonard Mead he is classed as an outsider because he walks the street on a night, which is seen to be outside the norm of society. I See You Never, in this the outside is Mr Ramirez he is an outsider because he is an immigrant and his visa ran out long ago. (Outside the Law). The theme of these stories seems to be the society against the individual and these individuals as lonely people especially Mr Leonard Mead in the Pedestrian as he is seen in the story as walking around at night talking to houses and things. Do I sympathise with the outsiders? I do sympathise with two of the outsiders and these are Mr Leonard Mead and The Inventor. I sympathise with these because they really haven't done anything seriously wrong. I think that the Inventor shouldn't have been executed for something so little. He was really just following his dreams of inventing. And I sympathise with Mr Leonard Mead because he seems to be a social but lonely man enjoying a walk out in the evening. I can't see how this can be a reason for him to be arrested. It seems that in the Pedestrian if you all didn't act the same and have the same things you were an outsider anyway. Personally, I don't sympathise with Mr Ramirez because he is illegally in the country and his visa ran out so really he is an outsider in this country. Mr Ramirez broke the law. He overstayed his time limit and took up permanent living. We are told 'He only had a permanent visa'. There are too many immigrants that are allowed in this we don't need any more that aren't. 'He only had a temporary visa' All these Outsiders have a lot in common as they are all victims and are being punished for doing nothing in the stories this is clear that they haven't done anything serious. What do the stories have in common? The stories have a lot in common as they all are based around people that are not the same as everyone else. Each story has an outsider, someone who is different in the different societies. All the outsiders are punished in every story some for hardly anything and others for

Research Paper on Shakespeare

Drew Ewing Mrs. Stevenson English II November 6th, 2012 Shakespeare William Shakespeare is one of the most well respected and time honored man of all time. His unique style, mysterious life and amazingly written sonnets make him the most studied and analyzed men to ever walk the planet. William Shakespeare, born in Stratford-upon-Avon, he was baptized on April 26th 1564, but his actual birth date is unknown. Shakespeare was the third child of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. William had two older sisters, Judith and Joan, and three younger brothers, Richard, Gilbert and Edmund.Not a lot is known of Shakespeare’s childhood, which is part of the reason everyone is so skeptical of his ability to have written everything he wrote. It is generally assumed that he went to the local grammar school, the King's New School, for most of his childhood. Shakespeare did not attend a university. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, he had three children with her, a daughter named Susan na, and twins Hamnet and Judith. In 1585 he started a career as an actor, play writer, and a part owner of the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, also known as The Kings Men.By the early 1590’s it is believed that Shakespeare had already written some plays and had a successful career as an actor. Sometime in 1589, Shakespeare wrote his first play, Henry VI. Between his marriage and writing this play, he moved to London. Shakespeare was not an immediate and universal success but with the the plays Richard III, Henry VI, The Comedy of Errors, and Titus Andronicus written Shakespeare became a popular playwright by the 1950’s. The year 1593, marked a huge point in his career as a playwright.By the end of that year, he scored a very important friend and fan in the Earl of Southampton and his Venus and Adonis was published. It is one of the first of Shakespeare’s works to be printed and it was a very big success. Many people believe that Shakespeare started his work as a poet and that he wrote the majority of his famous sonnets in the 1590’s as well. In 1594, Shakespeare made a return theater and became one of the Lord Chamberlain's Men, which was a group of actors who eventually became the KIng’s men.He was very successful at with this group and became very famous through his plays and acting in some of them. He remained associated with the organization until his death. Many people considered acting and playwrighting a very notable career it was seen as a form of entertainment and not a profession that should be wanted. Even with so many people that did not think that Shakespeare career was one that should be granted a lot of money he still ended up being very wealthy and acquired a lot of money, which he used to by a house in Stratford for his parents.This house was the second largest in the town and was considered to be the nicest. â€Å"In 1596, Shakespeare applied for a coat of arms for his family, in effect making himself a gent leman. †(Biography of William Shakespeare 1) The coat of arms was a way for people to kind of show their family off, it was only given to people that had a lot of money and were considered to be very successful. Shakespeare died at age 52 on the 23rd of April in 1616, at this time he was already a very famous playwright and he was well known in all of England.Shakespeare was buried at the Holy Trinity Church. His epitaph that was carved into the stone that was covering his grave has a curse on it against anyone that moves his bones, when the church was renovated in 2008 the workers were very careful not to disturb his remains in fear of getting cursed. Shakespeare’s writing style is definitely unique and is widely accepted as easy to recognize. He used a very common rhythm for his day, the iambic pentameter. â€Å"Shakespeare used a metrical pattern consisting of lines of unrhymed iambic pentameter, called blank verse.Shakespeare's sonnets are written in iambic pentame ter, Shakespeare's style of writing and meter choice were typical of the day, and other writings of the time influenced how he structured his compositions. †(Mabillard) One of the things Shakespeare was best at was being able to make his characters seam human, he was able to show that they aren’t just characters in a story, but that they were real people that could be sympathized with. Many scholars believe this is why even to this day, his works are considered to be some of the best orks of literature, and audience’s are still captivated by his works. Shakespeare made his characters development directly intertwined with the plot, which made his characters seem even more real. â€Å"Shakespeare's characters were complex and human in nature, he changed what could be accomplished with drama. † (Frye 118) Shakespeare’s sonnets are considered to be some of the greatest and most eloquent poems in all of English literature. So by analyzing his genius in p oetry and style, scholars and ordinary readers alike, try to understand the genius in the poet.There is very little known of Shakespeare’s personal life or feelings he had about himself. This being so a lot of scholars focus on his style and way of saying things to try and get a better understanding of Shakespeare the person. Many scholars have tried to get an insight into shakespeare by analyzing how and what he wrote. Many poets use poetry as a way to express their feelings and emotions, so readers of Shakespeare should be able to start to grasp a picture of who he was by reading his poetry and paying attention to the similarities and unique differences of his work to the norm of the day.Shakespeare’s style was a blend of contemporary and pure originality that makes him such a powerful poet. Sonnet 18 is one of Shakespeare’s most famous and critically acclaimed poems. By just reading it, the poem sounds like it is just a poem that praises the beauty of of a wo men. But if you take it a step farther and look deeper you can start to see just how impacting of a person that Shakespeare is writing about. The language in this sonnet is also extremely original, it is very different from the other sonnets.It is not loaded with alliteration or any other kind of poetic device, and the poem is not excessively wordy, it flows and gets its very powerful and majestic point across. As Shakespeare liked to do in his sonnets a lot every line ends with some form of punctuation, which in turn makes it dramatic and very suspenseful. Shakespeare starts the poem with a question in the very first line asking to compare the woman he is writing about to a summer’s day. Basically he is posing the question if he should compare the beauty of the beloved to the beauty of a summer’s day.The second line of the poem says â€Å"Thou art more lovely and more temperate. † Shakespeare uses the word temperate to mean moderate or modest, like it is averag e in amount. He is emphasizing how much he loves her and how beautiful she is. When Shakespeare uses the words â€Å"rough winds† in line 3 i think that he is using that as a metaphor for the flaws in this women, but that there are not any flaws in her, but there are in summer, so he can not really compare her to a summers day, because in his eyes she is flawless.In lines four and five Shakespeare continues to point out the imperfections of summer, in that it ends, but her beuaty does not. In the sixth line he tells how sometimes the sun is not hot enough, or the opposite in line five, that it can sometimes be too hot, but again, that is not the case with his beloved. Shakespaere finally just says the summer can not ever be perfect in lines seven and eight. He starts to come back to the women’s beauty in line nine, by using the words â€Å"eternal summer†, stasting that her beauty is everlasting and it will never go away like summer’s does.In the next thr ee lines, he portrays a picture of this women, and that even though she will grow old and may not be healthy she will never lose her beauty. And in the final two lines of the sonnet Shakespeare says that her beauty will never go away, because everytiime someone reads this poem they will think about her. Shakespeare is the one of the most famous and well respected writers and poets of all time. From his mysterious life, to his unique writing style, his amazing and time lasting plays, and his sonnets, he is an international phenomenon for as long as his plays and sonnets can be read.Shakespeare is the best and one of the most interesting men that has ever lived. Works Cited Frye, Roland Mushat. Shakespeare: The Art of the Dramatist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970. Print. Greenblatt, Steven. â€Å"Shakespeares Leap. † New York Times. New York Times, 12 Sept. 2004. Web. 4 Nov. 2012. . GradeSaver. *Biography of William Shakespeare | List of Works, Study Guides & Essays*. GradeSave r, 30 November 2012 Web. 30 November 2012. Mabillard, Amanda. Shakespeare's Writing Style. Shakespeare Online. 20 Aug. 2000. (6 November 2012) . Magill, Frank N. Masterplots II. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Salem, 1986. Print.